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Dorociński was born in Milanówek and grew up in a small village, Kłudzienko. His father is a blacksmith, and his mother is a housewife. He has three brothers, all of whom are police officers. He dreamt of becoming a professional football player. However, he was forced to give up the plan after sustaining a significant leg injury. He attended the vocational school in Grodzisk Mazowiecki and obtained a machinist certificate. The first person to notice his talent for acting was his history teacher, who encouraged him to become an actor. In 1993, he enrolled at the Aleksander Zelwerowicz State Theatre Academy.

In his second year at the State Theatre Academy, he was cast as Don Rodrigue in a television adaptation of Le Cid directed by Krystyna Janda. After graduating from the Academy in 1997, he struggled to find acting jobs. He worked as a waiter and a bouncer. He took other casual jobs until he was offered a post at the Dramatic Theatre in Warsaw. He has also appeared in several plays at the Ateneum Theatre in Warsaw, where he is currently employed.

He played minor roles in multiple television series before his breakthrough came with the role in Patryk Vega's 2005 film Pitbull, which brought him the Zbyszek Cybulski Award. He is a two-time Polish Film Festival award winner for his  Reverse (2009) and Rose (2011) roles.  The latter also earned him the IFFI Best Actor Award at India's 43rd International Film Festival. In 2012, he appeared in Magdalena Łazarkiewicz's critically acclaimed TV series The Deep End ("Głęboka woda"), which earned him a nomination for Best Actor Award at the Monte Carlo Television Festival. Between 2012 and 2013, Dorociński appeared in a miniseries called Spies of Warsaw, co-produced by the and Telewizja Polska.

In 2020, he joined the cast of the Netflix drama miniseries The Queen's Gambit, starring Anya Taylor-Joy. Based on the 1983 novel by Walter Tevis of the same name, the show explores the life of an orphan chess prodigy named Beth Harmon from the age of eight to twenty-two as she struggles with addiction in a quest to become a grandmaster in chess. Dorociński plays Soviet world chess champion Vasily Borgov.

He is married to scenic designer Monika Sudół. The couple has a son, Stanisław (born 2006), and a daughter, Janina (born 2008). They also brought up Sudół's son from a previous relationship, Jakub.