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He directed the Pusher trilogy (1996–2005), the crime drama Bronson (2008), and the adventure film Valhalla Rising (2009). In 2011, he directed the action drama film Drive (2011), for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director. He was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction. Refn's subsequent films were the stylistically driven action film Only God Forgives (2013) and the psychological horror film The Neon Demon (2016).

In 2019, he directed his first television series, Too Old to Die Young (2019), which premiered on Amazon Prime. After Amazon's Too Old to Die Young, Refn's next project took him to Netflix and saw him returning to his native Copenhagen for the first time since Pusher 3, which was the setting for his magical realism series, Copenhagen Cowboy. In 2008, Refn co-founded the Copenhagen-based production company Space Rocket Nation.